13-14 澳大利亚跟踪了 2495 名烧烫伤儿童。受伤后 3 小时内用凉流动水冲 20 分钟的孩子，后来需要植…
澳大利亚跟踪了 2495 名烧烫伤儿童。受伤后 3 小时内用凉流动水冲 20 分钟的孩子，后来需要植皮的比值比是 0.6，95% CI 0.4–0.8（可信范围）。这表示植皮的几率较低，但不能直接说植皮概率只有六成。7 项研究合起来算的结果同样发现，「伤后三小时内 20 分钟凉流动水显著降低了需要植皮和手术处理创面的可能」。国际红十字 2025 年急救指南写明，不要用冰水冲，也不要敷冰，会加重损伤。NHS 写明，烫伤处附近的衣服首饰要摘掉，但粘在伤口上的别动，也不要往烫伤上抹任何药膏、油或黄油
来源：Griffin BR, Frear CC, Babl F, Oakley E, Kimble RM (2020). Cool Running Water First Aid Decreases Skin Grafting Requirements in Pediatric Burns: A Cohort Study of Two Thousand Four Hundred Ninety-five Children. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 75(1), 75-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.06.028；Griffin B, Cabilan CJ, Ayoub B, et al. (2022). The effect of 20 minutes of cool running water first aid within three hours of thermal burn injury on patient outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Australasian Emergency Care, 25(4), 367-376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.auec.2022.05.004；International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (2025). International First Aid, Resuscitation and Education Guidelines 2025，第 289 页：「Do not use ice-cold water」「Do not apply ice, as this may aggravate the injury」. https://www.ifrc.org/sites/default/files/2026-03/IFRC%20International%20First%20Aid,%20Resuscitation%20and%20Education%20Guidelines%202025.pdf；NHS. Burns and scalds：「do not remove anything that is stuck to the affected area」「do not put any creams, oils or butter on burns or scalds」. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/burns-and-scalds/treatment/
补充说明：是凉水不是冰水，冰敷会加重损伤。衣服粘在伤口上就别硬撕，冲完用干净布盖住去医院。牙膏、酱油、香油、面粉都不要抹，NHS 写明烫伤上什么膏、什么油都不要抹。三小时内补冲仍然有用。给婴儿洗澡怎么防烫，见第 20 节第 17 条（先放冷水再兑热水）。